Cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus

This is a medium-to-large-sized parrot measuring between 43 and 48 centimeters in length, showcasing a slender profile and a notably long, graduated tail. The plumage of the head and upperparts is a dark olive-green with brownish undertones. It features a prominent, bare pure white eye-ring that contrasts sharply with the dark facial feathers. The breast is a dull grayish-brown, traversed on its upper portion by a whitish chest band, which varies in width and definition depending on the subspecies. The upper abdomen displays a vibrant bright yellow color surrounding a large, conspicuous patch of orange-red in the center, which is highly visible during flight. The primary flight feathers of the wings are a striking metallic blue, while the underside of the tail is bluish-green. Its beak is robust, hooked, and dark gray, specialized for breaking open tough plant structures.

Geographical distribution: The primary range of this species encompasses Argentina, spanning from the northern prepuna regions down to the cold steppes of Patagonia. There are also small, isolated breeding populations in central Chile, which belong to a highly threatened and geographically separated subspecies. During winter migrations, some Argentine populations move northward and eastward, reaching southern Uruguay and occasionally the southernmost tip of Brazil. The distribution of its subspecies divides the taxon into Cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus in the south, Cyanoliseus patagonus andinus in the northwestern Andes, Cyanoliseus patagonus conlara in the central mountain ranges of San Luis and Córdoba, and Cyanoliseus patagonus bloxami along the Chilean slopes of the Andes.

Habitat: It primarily colonizes arid and semi-arid environments, showing a strong affinity for the Patagonian steppe and the Monte shrubland ecological region. It frequents scrubby plains, dry grasslands, savannas, rocky Andean slopes, and river valleys flanked by steep cliffs. The species is highly dependent on the presence of cliffs, ravines, or vertical banks of compacted soil, clay, or sandstone, which are essential for its nesting requirements. In recent decades, it has shown a degree of adaptive plasticity, frequenting agricultural lands, roadsides, and peri-urban areas where alternative food and water sources are available.

Feeding: This bird maintains a mostly granivorous and frugivorous diet, showing marked seasonal variations depending on resource availability. It feeds on the seeds of various native shrubs and trees, with a strong preference for the genera Prosopis (such as algarrobo) and Condalia (such as piquillín), as well as buds of Larrea species. During the fruit-ripening season, it supplements its diet with wild berries and flower parts. In areas where agricultural development has encroached upon its natural habitat, it frequently feeds in cultivated fields, consuming grains of maize, wheat, sunflower, and sorghum, which often leads to conflict with local farmers.

Behavior: Characterized by an exceptionally gregarious and noisy nature, this species almost always travels in flocks that can range from a few dozen to several thousand individuals. Their vocalizations are loud, harsh, and metallic, emitting a distinctive screech that can be heard from great distances, helping to maintain flock cohesion during flight. It is an excellent flyer, capable of traveling dozens of kilometers daily between roosting sites, nesting colonies, and foraging grounds. At night, they gather in communal roosts located in tall trees or along the same cliff faces where they nest, providing protection against nocturnal predators.

Nesting: This colonial breeder exhibits a remarkable strategy, excavating deep nesting burrows into vertical sandstone or limestone cliffs, often located along riverbanks or sea cliffs. These tunnels, dug using their strong beaks and claws, can reach depths of 1 to 3 meters, ending in an enlarged nesting chamber devoid of nesting material. They form long-term monogamous pairs and display high nest-site fidelity year after year. A clutch typically consists of 2 to 5 matte white eggs, incubated primarily by the female for approximately 24 to 26 days. Both parents participate in feeding and caring for the altricial chicks, regurgitating food until the fledglings leave the nest at around two months of age.

Conservation status: Globally listed as Least Concern (LC) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), owing to its extensive range and large populations in Argentina. However, the Chilean subspecies (Cyanoliseus patagonus bloxami) is classified as critically endangered at the national level due to severe habitat loss, historical persecution, and illegal capture for the pet trade. The main threats to the species as a whole include the destruction of nesting colonies, fragmentation of xerophytic forests, and culling by agriculturalists who view them as crop pests in certain farming regions of South America.