It is a medium-sized, stocky bird, easily recognized by its dark plumage with strong iridescent sheen, showing greenish and purplish tones depending on light conditions. During the breeding season, the body is covered with small pale spots, which become more conspicuous outside the breeding period. The bill is long, straight, and pointed, bright yellow during reproduction and darker during the rest of the year. Legs are pinkish to reddish, and the tail is relatively short. Sexes are similar, though subtle differences in bill base coloration and vocalizations may be noted.
Geographic distribution: This species is native to most of Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa, occupying a wide range of temperate regions. Beyond its native range, it has been introduced to many regions worldwide, including North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. In these areas, its distribution has expanded widely, largely due to its adaptability and close association with human-modified environments.
Habitat: It inhabits a broad variety of environments, ranging from farmland, grasslands, and rural landscapes to densely populated urban areas. It is commonly found in parks, gardens, city centers, industrial zones, and roadside areas. Open habitats with available nesting cavities are preferred, whether natural or artificial.
Diet: It has an omnivorous and opportunistic diet, feeding on insects, larvae, earthworms, spiders, small invertebrates, fruits, seeds, and human food waste. In warmer months, animal prey dominates the diet, while plant material becomes more important during autumn and winter. It typically forages on the ground, probing the soil with its bill and exploiting concentrated food sources.
Behavior: This is a highly social species, especially outside the breeding season, when it forms large flocks that may number thousands of individuals. These flocks perform coordinated aerial displays known as murmurations. It is very vocal and capable of mimicking sounds from other birds and environmental noises. It can behave aggressively toward other species, often displacing them from feeding or nesting sites.
Nesting: Nesting occurs in cavities, including tree holes, buildings, poles, roofs, and nest boxes. The nest is built with grasses, feathers, and assorted plant materials. Clutches usually consist of 4–6 bluish eggs, incubated by both parents. Chicks remain in the nest for about three weeks and receive extensive parental care.
Conservation status: Globally classified as Least Concern (LC) due to its large population and wide distribution. However, in regions where it has been introduced, it may cause negative ecological impacts, particularly through competition with native cavity-nesting species.
Author of this compilation: EcoRegistros – 22/12/2025